March 2025

Introduction : It is important to eliminate the wastes from the body ,as accumalation of the wastes products in the body causes harmful affect to the body and leads to imbalance and causes diseases . so for the elimination of these wastes from the body it has following ways, wastes may thrown out of the body by sweat mechanism and by formation of urine and faeces . Urine formation is the main function done by kidneys to purify the blood and expel wastes from body in the form of urine . so , we are going to discuss about the Renal circulation and Urine formation . Renal Circulation : In an adult human both the kidneys receive 13,00 ml blood/min which is 26% of the cardiac out put .Blood flow to the kidneys measured by using plasma clearance of para-aminohippuric acid . Renal blood flow is regulated by auto regulation , nerves innervating the blood vessels has no signifcant role in this mechanism . NOTE : auto regulation is an intrinsic ability of an organ to regulate it’s own blood . This mechanism is seen in the vital organs like brain ,heart and kidneys . RENAL BLOOD VESSELS : Auto Regulation : As it is the intrinsic ability of an organ to regulate it’s own blood flow , kidneys are more efficient in this mechanism. In glomerular filtration rate [GFR] the mean arterial blood pressure is maintained between 60 to 180mmHg . It is regulated by two mechanisms they are MYOGENIC RESPONSE : When there is increase in blood flow , it leads to stretching of afferent arteriole which in turn leads to increase in blood flow , it increases calcium ions and leads to influx of these calcium ions from extra cellular into cells . This influx of calcium leads to contraction of smooth muscle of afferent arteriole , which causes contraction of afferent arteriole and leads to decrease in blood flow. TUBULO GLOMERULAR FEEDBACK : This feed back is under control of the renal tubule and macula densa . In this macula densa acts as sensor which is sensitive to the sodium and chlorine ions which are detected through the Na+_K+_2Cl- cotransporters. When there is increase glomerular filtration rate there is increase in the concentration of the sodium and chlorine in the filtrate , this increase leads to release of adenosine from ATP by stimulating macula densa ,which causes contraction of afferent arteriole in presence of adenosine A1 receptors leads to decrease in blood flow and leads to decrease in glomerular filtration rate . When there is decrease in the glomerular filtration rate takes place there is decrease in the sodium and chlorine which stimulate macula densa to release PGE2 , Bradykinin and Renin . The PGE2 and bradyakin dilates the Afferent arteriole and the renin acts on angiotensin and leads to constriction of Efferent arteriole . in turn these mechanism leads to increase in GFR and blood flow . NOTE : Urine Formation : It is a blood cleansing function . This is the mechanism of the body through which the blood get purified and eliminate the wastes in the form of urine .In general the normal urine out put is 1 to 1.5 liters /day Glomerular Filtration : This is also called as the ultra filtration . In this process all substances get filtered except plasma proteins as they have large diameter than the filtration pores in filtration membrane from the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule . Normally Glomerular Filtration Rate [GFR] is 125 ml/min or 180 L/day . FILTRATION FRACTION : Normal filtration fraction is 15 to 20% it is calculated as GFR/Renal plasma x 100 FACTORS FOR FILTRATION : There are three pressure factors , they are as follows : NET FILTRATIO PRESSURE : normal 20mmHg Net filtration pressure = Glomerular capillary pressure – [colloidal osmotic pressure + Hydrostatic pressure in bowman’s capsule ] Factors regulating Glomerular filtration rate : Tubular Reabsorption : This the process through which almost 99% of water and electrolytes get reabsorbed into the blood . This is also called as the selective reabsorption as in this only selected and necessary elements are only get reabsorbed . ROUTES OF REABSORPTION : There are two routes through which the substances get reabsorbed from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary . TRANSCELLULAR ROUTE : In this the substances from the tubular lumen get transported into the tubular cell through the apical surface of the cell membrane and from there to capillary through the interstitial fluid. PARACELLULAR ROUTE : Reabsorption of the substances from the tubular lumen to the interstitial fluid through the lateral intercellular spaces by tight junctions and then into the capillary . REGULATION OF TUBULAR REABSORPTION : Glomerulotubular balance : Balance due to the osmotic pressure in peritubular capillaries leads to to the increase in the GFR which in turn increase plasma protein in glomerulus which increases the osmotic pressure causes the increase in the reabsorption Hormonal Factor : Nervous Factor : Sympathetic system which indirectly stimulates the JG cells and release renin which acts on the angiotensin II which in turn leads to increase in reabsorption . SITE OF REABSORPTION : Tubular Secretion : Tubular secretion is a vital renal process in which the kidneys actively transport substances from the blood into the tubular fluid within the nephrons, facilitating the excretion of waste products and regulation of blood composition. This mechanism complements filtration and reabsorption, ensuring efficient waste removal and maintenance of homeostasis. This process is also called as tubular excretion. Primary Sites of Tubular Secretion: Mechanisms of Tubular Secretion: Functions of Tubular Secretion: CONCLUSION : Renal circulation and urine formation are fundamental processes that the kidneys utilize to maintain the body’s internal balance, remove waste, and regulate various physiological parameters. Renal Circulation: Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries, which branch off from the abdominal aorta. These arteries divide into smaller arterioles, leading to the glomeruli networks of capillaries within the nephrons, the functional units of

The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSS Act) is a comprehensive law enacted in India to regulate food safety, ensuring that food products meet scientific safety standards to protect consumer health. The Act replaces multiple food laws and brings all food-related regulations under a single authority—Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). Key Features of the FSS Act, 2006 1. Establishment of FSSAI 2. Consolidation of Previous Food Laws 3. Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses 4. Food Safety Standards and Regulations 5. Prohibition on Food Adulteration 6. Food Recall and Consumer Protection 7. Role of Food Safety Officers (FSO) and Authorities 8. Penalties and Offenses Offense Penalty Selling substandard food Up to ₹5 lakh fine Misbranded food products Up to ₹3 lakh fine Containing toxic substances Up to ₹10 lakh fine Death due to unsafe food Life imprisonment + ₹10 lakh fine Failure to comply with FSO orders ₹2 lakh fine FSSAI Organizational Structure Short Summary Example Cases References Our Other articles 100+ AYURVEDIC DRUGS ACCORDING TO BAMS NCISM SYLLABUS Pharmacological Insights into Charakokta Dashemani: Part -1 (01 – 20 Dashemani Mahakashaya) Pharmacological Insights into Charakokta Dashemani: Part -2 (11- 20 Dashemani Mahakashaya) Pharmacological Insights into Charakokta Dashemani: Part -3 (21 – 30 Dashemani Mahakashaya) Pharmacological Insights into Charakokta Dashemani: Part -4 (31- 40 Dashemani Mahakashaya) Pharmacological Insights into Charakokta Dashemani: Part -5 (41- 50 Dashemani Mahakashaya)

41. Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga (Coolants) Introduction The Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga consists of ten cooling herbs that reduce internal and external burning sensations (Daha), excessive heat, and Pitta aggravation. These herbs are useful in hyperacidity, fever, inflammation, skin diseases, and excessive thirst. List of Dahaprashamana Dravyas (Cooling Herbs & Foods) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Key Actions 1 Laja Parched grain (Puffed rice) Madhura Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Reduces Pitta, Relieves thirst 2 Chandana Santalum album Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Cooling, Soothes burning sensation 3 Kashmarya Phala Gmelina arborea (Fruit) Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Nourishing, Pacifies heat 4 Madhuka Madhuca indica Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Cooling, Rejuvenating 5 Sharkara Sugar Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Hydrating, Strengthens tissues 6 Nilotpala Nymphaea stellata Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Reduces fever, Skin cooling 7 Ushira Vetiveria zizanoides Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Cooling, Balances Pitta 8 Sariva Hemidesmus indicus Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Blood purifier, Reduces burning 9 Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Tikta, Kashaya Guru, Snigdha Madhura Ushna Detoxifying, Immune booster 10 Hribera Pavonia odorata Madhura, Tikta Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Relieves thirst, Soothes heat Uses of Dahaprashamana Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Dahaprashamana Varga Works Conclusion The Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga includes natural cooling agents that relieve burning sensations, prevent dehydration, pacify Pitta, and promote overall wellness. These herbs are useful for heat-related disorders, summer ailments, skin inflammation, and excessive thirst. 42. Shitaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga (Calefacient Herbs) Introduction The Shitaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga consists of ten warming herbs that help reduce excessive cold sensations (Ati-Shita) and increase body temperature. These herbs are useful in cold-related disorders like chills, poor digestion, respiratory congestion, and low metabolism. They work primarily by balancing Vata and Kapha doshas and enhancing Agni (digestive fire). List of Shitaprashamana Dravyas (Calefacient Herbs) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Key Actions 1 Tagara Valeriana wallichii Katu, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Katu Ushna Stimulates circulation, Warms the body 2 Aguru Aquilaria agallocha Tikta, Katu Laghu, Snigdha Katu Ushna Warms the body, Reduces Kapha 3 Dhanyaka Coriandrum sativum Madhura, Katu Laghu Madhura Ushna Improves digestion, Reduces cold sensation 4 Shringavera Zingiber officinale Katu Tikshna, Ruksha Madhura Ushna Increases heat, Improves metabolism 5 Bhutika Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) Tikta, Katu Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Warms digestion, Reduces mucus 6 Vacha Acorus calamus Tikta, Katu Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Improves circulation, Stimulates Agni 7 Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum Tikta, Katu Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Removes cold congestion, Reduces Kapha 8 Agnimantha Premna mucronata Tikta, Katu Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Improves warmth, Reduces joint stiffness 9 Shyonaka Oroxylum indicum Tikta, Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Strengthens the body, Reduces cold symptoms 10 Pippali Piper longum Tikta, Katu Tikshna, Laghu Madhura Anushna Enhances digestion, Improves warmth Uses of Shitaprashamana Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Shitaprashamana Varga Works Conclusion The Shitaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga contains warming herbs that reduce excessive cold sensations, improve digestion, clear Kapha, and enhance blood circulation. These herbs are beneficial in winter, for individuals with poor metabolism, and in conditions caused by excessive cold exposure. 43. Udardaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga (Antiallergic Herbs) Introduction The Udardaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga consists of ten herbs that help relieve Udarda (skin allergies, rashes, and urticaria). These herbs primarily pacify Pitta and Kapha, detoxify Rakta (blood), and reduce inflammatory skin reactions. They are used in conditions like urticaria, eczema, allergic dermatitis, and chronic skin disorders. List of Udardaprashamana Dravyas (Antiallergic Herbs) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Key Actions 1 Tinduka Diospyros embryopteris Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Detoxifies skin, Reduces rashes 2 Priyala Buchanania lanzan Kashaya, Madhura Snigdha, Guru Madhura Shita Moisturizes dry skin, Soothes irritation 3 Badara Zizyphus jujuba Madhura Guru, Picchila Madhura Shita Reduces itching, Hydrates skin 4 Khadira Acacia catechu Amla, Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Blood purifier, Treats eczema 5 Kadara Acacia suma Tikta, Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Reduces swelling, Prevents infections 6 Saptaparna Alstonia scholaris Tikta, Kashaya Laghu, Snigdha Katu Ushna Detoxifies blood, Relieves inflammation 7 Ashwakarna Acacia fernesiana Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Reduces skin irritation, Controls excess Kapha 8 Arjuna Terminalia arjuna Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Strengthens skin, Protects against infections 9 Asana Pterocarpus marsupium Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Improves blood circulation, Heals wounds 10 Arimeda Dipterocarpus alatus Tikta, Kashaya Laghu, Tikshna Katu Ushna Antibacterial, Clears skin infections Uses of Udardaprashamana Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Udardaprashamana Varga Works Conclusion The Udardaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga includes powerful antiallergic herbs that detoxify the blood, reduce itching, inflammation, and swelling, and promote healthy skin. These herbs are highly effective for treating urticaria, eczema, and other allergic skin conditions. 44. Angamardaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga (Anti-Malaise Herbs) Introduction The Angamardaprashamana Mahakashaya Varga includes ten herbs that help relieve body aches, fatigue, and malaise. These herbs are especially useful for conditions caused by Vata aggravation, muscle stiffness, joint pain, and weakness. They help nourish muscles, reduce inflammation, and improve circulation. List of Angamardaprashamana Dravyas (Anti-Malaise Herbs) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Key Actions 1 Vidarigandha Desmodium gangeticum Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Muscle relaxant, Anti-inflammatory 2 Prashniparni Uraria picta Madhura Laghu, Sara Madhura Ushna Relieves pain, Reduces fatigue 3 Brahati Solanum indicum Katu Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Reduces joint pain, Improves circulation 4 Kantakarika Solanum xanthocarpum Katu Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Muscle relaxant, Detoxifier 5 Eranda Ricinus communis Madhura Tikshna, Snigdha Madhura Ushna Relieves stiffness, Treats arthritis 6 Kakoli Lillium polyphyllum Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Strengthens muscles, Boosts immunity 7 Chandana Santalum album Madhura Ruksha, Laghu Katu Shita Cooling, Soothes burning sensation 8 Ushira Vetiveria zizanoides Tikta, Madhura Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Relieves body heat, Calms nerves 9 Ela Elattaria cardamomum Katu, Madhura Laghu, Ruksha Madhura Shita Improves digestion, Reduces bloating 10 Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Strengthens body, Anti-inflammatory Uses of Angamardaprashamana Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How

Introduction to National Health Programs in India India has launched various National Health Programs to address communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, sanitation, and nutrition. These programs aim to improve healthcare access, reduce disease burden, and enhance overall public health. The programs are categorized into: These initiatives are implemented by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW), Ministry of AYUSH, and other government bodies to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 1. Communicable Disease Control Programs Program Full Form Objective NLEP National Leprosy Eradication Program Early detection & treatment of leprosy NACP National AIDS Control Program Prevention & control of HIV/AIDS NPCB National Program for Control of Blindness Reduce blindness prevalence Polio Eradication Pulse Polio Immunization Complete eradication of poliovirus NTEP National TB Elimination Program Eliminate TB by 2025 NVBDCP National Vector-Borne Disease Control Program Control of malaria, dengue, chikungunya, etc. These programs focus on preventing and controlling diseases that spread from person to person, animals, or the environment. They aim to reduce mortality and morbidity while improving public health. 1. National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP) ✅ Launched: 1955 (Integrated with National Health Programs in 1983)✅ Objective: 2. National AIDS Control Program (NACP) ✅ Launched: 1992✅ Objective: 3. National Program for Control of Blindness (NPCB) ✅ Launched: 1976✅ Objective: 4. Pulse Polio Immunization Program (Polio Eradication) ✅ Launched: 1995 under Universal Immunization Program (UIP)✅ Objective: 5. National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP) (Previously RNTCP – Revised National TB Control Program) ✅ Launched: 1997 (Renamed NTEP in 2020)✅ Objective: 6. National Vector-Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) ✅ Launched: 2003 (Integration of multiple disease control programs)✅ Objective: Key Achievements: ✔ India declared polio-free by WHO in 2014✔ Leprosy prevalence reduced to less than 1 case per 10,000 population✔ HIV/AIDS cases stabilized with better ART coverage✔ Blindness rate significantly reduced due to cataract surgeries✔ TB treatment success rate improved with DOTS strategy 2. Maternal & Child Health Programs Program Full Form Objective RCH Program Reproductive & Child Health Program Improve maternal & child health ICDS Integrated Child Development Services Child nutrition, preschool education UIP Universal Immunization Program Vaccination for infants & pregnant women These programs aim to improve maternal health, child nutrition, and immunization to reduce infant and maternal mortality rates (IMR & MMR) and promote overall well-being. 1. Reproductive & Child Health (RCH) Program Aspect Details Launched 1997 (under National Health Mission) Objective Improve maternal & child health, reduce MMR & IMR Key Services – Free antenatal & postnatal care 2. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Aspect Details Launched 1975 Objective Improve child nutrition & preschool education Key Services – Supplementary nutrition for children (0-6 years), pregnant & lactating women 3. Universal Immunization Program (UIP) Aspect Details Launched 1985 Objective Provide free vaccines to prevent deadly diseases Vaccines Provided – At Birth: BCG, OPV (polio), Hepatitis B Quick Learning Summary: Program Focus Area Beneficiaries Key Benefits RCH Maternal & Child Health Pregnant women, newborns, adolescents Safe delivery, free treatment, family planning ICDS Child Nutrition & Development Children (0-6 years), pregnant & lactating mothers Nutrition, preschool education, health check-ups UIP Immunization & Disease Prevention Infants, children under 5, pregnant women Free vaccines for life-threatening diseases 3. Non-Communicable Disease Control Programs Program Full Form Objective NMHP National Mental Health Program Mental health care & awareness NPCDCS National Program for Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke Reduce NCD burden Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) like mental illnesses, cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, and stroke are rising due to lifestyle changes, stress, and urbanization. The government has launched programs to control and manage these diseases. 1. National Mental Health Program (NMHP) Aspect Details Launched 1982 Objective Provide accessible and affordable mental health care and increase awareness Key Services – Establishment of District Mental Health Programs (DMHPs) 2. National Program for Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke (NPCDCS) Aspect Details Launched 2010 Objective Reduce the burden of NCDs through prevention, early detection, and management Key Strategies – Screening & early detection at primary health centers Comparison Table for Quick Learning Program Focus Area Beneficiaries Key Benefits NMHP Mental health care & awareness Patients with psychiatric disorders Free psychiatric treatment, awareness campaigns, stigma reduction NPCDCS Cancer, diabetes, heart disease, stroke prevention High-risk individuals, elderly, diabetics Free NCD screening, early detection, lifestyle modification programs 4. Hygiene & Healthcare Access Programs Program Full Form Objective SBM Swachh Bharat Mission Clean India, sanitation ABY Ayushman Bharat Yojana Free healthcare for poor families ABDM Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Digital health records system NHM National Health Mission (NRHM & NUHM) Strengthen rural & urban health services NAM National AYUSH Mission Promotion of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy These programs aim to improve sanitation, healthcare accessibility, and the promotion of traditional medicine. They focus on providing affordable healthcare, digital health integration, and holistic wellness. 1. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Aspect Details Launched 2014 Objective Achieve a Clean India by promoting sanitation and hygiene Key Strategies – Construction of household & community toilets 2. Ayushman Bharat Yojana (ABY) – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) Aspect Details Launched 2018 Objective Provide free healthcare coverage to poor families Key Benefits – Coverage of ₹5 lakh per family per year for hospitalization 3. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) Aspect Details Launched 2021 Objective Develop a digital health ecosystem with electronic health records Key Features – Creation of Health ID for individuals 4. National Health Mission (NHM) – NRHM & NUHM Aspect Details Launched 2013 (NRHM – 2005, NUHM – 2013) Objective Strengthen healthcare services in rural & urban areas Components – NRHM (National Rural Health Mission) – Improve rural healthcare infrastructure 5. National AYUSH Mission (NAM) Aspect Details Launched 2014 Objective Promote Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, & Homeopathy (AYUSH) Key Strategies – Strengthening AYUSH hospitals & dispensaries Quick Learning Summary Program Focus Area Key Benefits Target Beneficiaries SBM Sanitation & Hygiene Open defecation-free India, clean water, waste management Entire population, rural areas ABY Free Healthcare ₹5 lakh insurance, cashless hospitalization Poor families ABDM Digital

31. Purisha Sangrahanīya Mahākashāya Varga (Bowel Binders) Introduction The Purisha Sangrahanīya Mahākashāya Varga includes ten medicinal plants that help in restraining excessive bowel movements and treating diarrhea (Atisara). These herbs work by absorbing excess moisture in the intestines, improving stool consistency, and reducing intestinal hypermotility. They primarily act as astringents (Stambhana), anti-inflammatory, and digestive stabilizers. List of Purisha Sangrahanīya Dravyas (Bowel-Binding Herbs) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Key Compounds 1 Priyangu Callicarpa macrophylla Tikta, Kashaya Guru, Ruksha Katu Shita Tannins, Flavonoids 2 Ananta Hemidesmus indicus Madhura, Tikta Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Saponins, Alkaloids 3 Amrasthi Mangifera indica (seed coat) Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Tannins, Polyphenols 4 Katvanga Oroxylum indicum Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Baicalein, Tannins 5 Lodhra Symplocos racemosa Kashaya, Tikta Guru, Ruksha Katu Shita Symplocosides, Tannins 6 Mocharasa Resin of Salmalia malabarica Kashaya, Madhura Ruksha, Laghu Katu Shita Tannins, Resins 7 Samanga Mimosa pudica Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Alkaloids, Tannins 8 Dhatakipushpa Woodfordia floribunda Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Polyphenols, Tannins 9 Padma Clerodendrum serratum Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Glycosides, Flavonoids 10 Padmakeshara Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus Stamen) Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Flavonoids, Alkaloids Uses of Purisha Sangrahanīya Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Purisha Sangrahanīya Varga Works Conclusion The Purisha Sangrahanīya Mahākashāya Varga is an effective formulation for stopping diarrhea, strengthening the intestines, and restoring digestive health. These herbs absorb excess fluids, reduce inflammation, and stabilize gut function, making them valuable in managing acute and chronic diarrhea, IBS, and post-infectious digestive weakness. 32. Purīṣa-Virajanīya Mahākashāya Varga (Bowel Normalizers) Introduction The Purīṣa-Virajanīya Mahākashāya Varga consists of ten medicinal substances that help in removing the causative factors of vitiated Purīṣa (stool) and restoring its normal color, consistency, and function. These herbs are particularly useful in digestive disorders where stool color is altered due to Ama (toxins), Pitta aggravation, or improper digestion. List of Purīṣa-Virajanīya Dravyas (Bowel-Normalizing Herbs) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Key Compounds 1 Jambu Twak Eugenia jambolana (bark) Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Tannins, Alkaloids 2 Shallaki Twak Boswellia serrata (bark) Katu Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Boswellic Acids, Resin 3 Kacchura Mucuna pruriens Madhura, Tikta Guru, Snigdha Madhura Ushna L-Dopa, Flavonoids 4 Madhuka Madhuca indica Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Saponins, Glycosides 5 Shalmali Salmalia malabarica Kashaya, Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Tannins, Polyphenols 6 Shriveshtaka Pinus roxburghii Katu, Kashaya Laghu, Snigdha Katu Ushna Terpenes, Resins 7 Bhrashtamrat Fried Mud Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Mineral Compounds 8 Payasya Ipomoea digitata Madhura, Kashaya Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Starch, Flavonoids 9 Utpala Nelumbo nucifera Tikta, Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Flavonoids, Alkaloids 10 Tilakana Sesamum indicum Madhura, Kashaya Guru, Snigdha Katu Ushna Sesamin, Lignans Uses of Purīṣa-Virajanīya Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Purīṣa-Virajanīya Varga Works Conclusion The Purīṣa-Virajanīya Mahākashāya Varga is highly effective in restoring normal stool color, improving digestion, detoxifying the intestines, and preventing malabsorption disorders. It is beneficial in conditions like Pitta-related diarrhea, digestive toxin buildup, and irregular bowel movements. 33. Mūtra-Saṅgrahaṇīya Mahākashāya Varga (Antidiuretics) Introduction The Mūtra-Saṅgrahaṇīya Mahākashāya Varga consists of ten medicinal herbs that help in reducing frequent urination (Mutrāpravṛtti) and restoring normal urinary function. These herbs are particularly beneficial in conditions like Diabetes (Prameha, Madhumeha), Polyuria, Nocturia, and Urinary Incontinence. List of Mūtra-Saṅgrahaṇīya Dravyas (Antidiuretic Herbs) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Key Compounds 1 Jambu Eugenia jambolana Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Tannins, Alkaloids 2 Amra Mangifera indica Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Flavonoids, Polyphenols 3 Plaksha Ficus lacor Madhura, Kashaya Guru, Ruksha Katu Shita Tannins, Phenolics 4 Vata Ficus benghalensis Madhura, Kashaya Guru, Ruksha Katu Shita Phytosterols, Flavonoids 5 Kapitana Albizzia lebbeck Katu Laghu, Ruksha Katu Anushna Saponins, Alkaloids 6 Udumbara Ficus glomerata Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Flavonoids, Tannins 7 Ashwattha Ficus religiosa Kashaya Guru, Ruksha Katu Shita Phytochemicals, Resins 8 Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Ushna Bhilawanols, Cardanol 9 Ashmantaka Ficus rumphi Kashaya, Madhura Guru, Ruksha Katu Shita Tannins, Glycosides 10 Somavalka Acacia catechu Tikta, Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Catechins, Tannins Uses of Mūtra-Saṅgrahaṇīya Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Mūtra-Saṅgrahaṇīya Varga Works Conclusion The Mūtra-Saṅgrahaṇīya Mahākashāya Varga is highly effective in managing urinary disorders like polyuria, diabetes-induced frequent urination, nocturia, and urinary incontinence. It helps in regulating kidney function, strengthening bladder muscles, and balancing Pitta-Kapha Doshas in the urinary system. 34. Mūtra-Virajaniya Mahākashāya Varga (Urine Normalizers) Introduction The Mūtra-Virajaniya Mahākashāya Varga consists of ten medicinal herbs that help in removing the vitiating factors from urine, thereby restoring its normal color and consistency. These herbs are particularly beneficial in conditions like Hematuria (blood in urine), Turbid Urine, and Pitta-related urinary disorders. List of Mūtra-Virajaniya Dravyas (Urine Normalizing Herbs) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Key Compounds 1 Padma Nelumbo nucifera Kashaya, Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Flavonoids, Alkaloids 2 Utpala Nelumbium speciosum Kashaya, Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Polyphenols, Tannins 3 Nalina Nelumbo species Kashaya, Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Antioxidants, Saponins 4 Kumuda Nymphaea alba Kashaya, Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Phenolic Compounds, Resins 5 Saugandhika Nymphaea species Kashaya, Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Essential Oils, Glycosides 6 Pundarika Nelumbo species Kashaya, Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Alkaloids, Flavonoids 7 Shatapatra Nelumbo species Kashaya, Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Madhura Shita Polyphenols, Carotenoids 8 Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Glycyrrhizin, Saponins 9 Priyangu Callicarpa macrophylla Kashaya, Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Tannins, Phytochemicals 10 Dhatakipushpa Woodfordia floribunda Kashaya, Madhura, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Shita Flavonoids, Antioxidants Uses of Mūtra-Virajaniya Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Mūtra-Virajaniya Varga Works Conclusion The Mūtra-Virajaniya Mahākashāya Varga is highly effective in normalizing urine color, removing toxins, and treating urinary conditions like burning micturition, hematuria, and turbid urine. These herbs balance Pitta and Vata doshas, ensuring a healthy

21. Snehopaga Mahakashaya Varga (Adjuvants of Oleation Therapy) Introduction The Snehopaga Mahakashaya Varga consists of ten medicinal plants that act as adjuvants in Snehana Karma (Oleation Therapy). These herbs enhance the properties of medicated oils and ghee, supporting deep tissue nourishment, lubrication, and detoxification. They help in balancing Vata and Pitta Dosha, improving the absorption of Sneha Dravyas, and promoting rejuvenation and vitality. List of Snehopaga Dravyas (Medicinal Plants of Snehopaga Varga) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Active Compounds 1 Mradwika Vitis vinifera Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Resveratrol, Flavonoids 2 Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Glycyrrhizin, Flavonoids 3 Madhuparni Tinospora cordifolia Tikta, Kashaya Guru, Snigdha Madhura Ushna Tinosporin, Alkaloids 4 Meda Polygonatum verticillatum Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Saponins, Polysaccharides 5 Vidari Pueraria tuberosa Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Isoflavonoids, Coumarins 6 Kakoli Lillium polyphyllum Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Alkaloids, Flavonoids 7 Kshira Kakoli Lillium sp. Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Glycosides, Saponins 8 Jivaka Microstylis wallichii Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Flavonoids, Sterols 9 Jivanti Leptadenia reticulata Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Leptadenosides, Alkaloids 10 Shalaparni Desmodium gangeticum Madhura, Tikta Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Isoflavones, Sterols Uses of Snehopaga Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Snehopaga Varga Works Conclusion The Snehopaga Mahakashaya Varga plays a vital role in Ayurvedic Oleation Therapy (Snehana Karma) by enhancing the absorption and efficacy of medicated ghee and oils. These ten powerful herbs help in nourishment, rejuvenation, skin health, and nervous system balance, making them essential in Panchakarma and Rasayana therapies. 22. Swedopaga Mahakashaya Varga (Adjuvants of Sudation Therapy) Introduction The Swedopaga Mahakashaya Varga consists of ten medicinal plants that act as adjuvants to Swedana Karma (Sudation Therapy). These herbs enhance the therapeutic effect of Swedana, facilitating detoxification, sweat induction, and deep tissue relaxation. They help in balancing Vata and Kapha Dosha, reducing stiffness, pain, and swelling. List of Swedopaga Dravyas (Medicinal Plants of Swedopaga Varga) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Active Compounds 1 Shobhanjana Moringa oleifera Katu, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Moringinine, Flavonoids 2 Eranda Ricinus communis Madhura, Tikta Tikshna, Snigdha Madhura Ushna Ricinoleic Acid, Alkaloids 3 Arka Calotropis procera Katu Tikshna, Ruksha Katu Ushna Calotropin, Flavonoids 4 Vraschira Trianthema portulacastrum Katu, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Saponins, Alkaloids 5 Punarnava Boerhavia diffusa Tikta, Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Madhura Ushna Boeravinone, Flavonoids 6 Yava Hordeum vulgare Madhura Laghu, Ruksha Madhura Shita Beta-glucans, Polyphenols 7 Tila Sesamum indicum Madhura, Kashaya Guru, Snigdha Madhura Ushna Sesamin, Tocopherols 8 Kulattha Dolichos biflorus Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Polyphenols, Proteins 9 Masha Phaseolus mungo Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Lecithins, Flavonoids 10 Badara Ziziphus jujuba Madhura, Amla Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Triterpenoids, Flavonoids Uses of Swedopaga Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Swedopaga Varga Works Conclusion The Swedopaga Mahakashaya Varga enhances the therapeutic effect of Swedana Karma by improving perspiration, circulation, and detoxification. These ten powerful herbs are essential for managing Vata and Kapha disorders, making them valuable in Panchakarma therapies. 23. Vamanopaga Mahakashaya Varga (Sub-emetics) Introduction The Vamanopaga Mahakashaya Varga consists of ten medicinal plants that act as adjuvants to Vamana Karma (Therapeutic Emesis). These herbs enhance the effectiveness of primary Vamana Dravyas, helping to expel excessive Kapha Dosha, toxins (Ama), and undigested food. They aid in conditions like chronic cough, asthma, indigestion, and skin diseases. List of Vamanopaga Dravyas (Medicinal Plants of Vamanopaga Varga) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Active Compounds 1 Madhu Honey Kashaya, Madhura Laghu, Ruksha Madhura Ushna Flavonoids, Enzymes 2 Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra Madhura, Tikta Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Glycyrrhizin, Saponins 3 Kovidara Bauhinia purpurea Kashaya Ruksha, Laghu Katu Shita Flavonoids, Tannins 4 Karbudara Bauhinia variegata Kashaya Ruksha, Laghu Katu Shita Phytosterols, Alkaloids 5 Nipa Anthocephalus cadamba Kashaya Ruksha, Laghu Katu Shita Terpenoids, Glycosides 6 Vidula Barringtonia acutangula Kashaya Ruksha, Tikshna Katu Shita Saponins, Tannins 7 Bimbi Coccinia indica Kashaya, Katu Ruksha, Laghu Katu Ushna Beta-carotene, Triterpenoids 8 Shanapushpi Crotalaria verrucosa Tikta, Katu Laghu, Tikshna Katu Ushna Alkaloids, Flavonoids 9 Sadapushpa Calotropis gigantea Tikta, Katu Tikshna, Sara Katu Ushna Calotropin, Glycosides 10 Pratyakpushpa Achyranthes aspera Katu, Tikta Laghu, Tikshna Katu Ushna Ecdysteroids, Saponins Uses of Vamanopaga Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Vamanopaga Varga Works Conclusion The Vamanopaga Mahakashaya Varga strengthens Vamana Karma (therapeutic emesis) by aiding in Kapha elimination, detoxification, and respiratory health. These herbs are essential for managing chronic cough, skin disorders, indigestion, and metabolic imbalances, making them vital in Panchakarma therapies. 24. Virechanopaga Mahakashaya Varga (Sub-purgatives) Introduction The Virechanopaga Mahakashaya Varga includes ten medicinal plants that support Virechana Karma (therapeutic purgation). These herbs enhance the action of Virechana Dravyas like Trivrit (Operculina turpethum), helping in the elimination of excessive Pitta Dosha and toxins (Ama) from the intestines. They are beneficial in liver disorders, skin diseases, chronic constipation, and metabolic imbalances. List of Virechanopaga Dravyas (Medicinal Plants of Virechanopaga Varga) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Active Compounds 1 Draksha Vitis vinifera Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Resveratrol, Flavonoids 2 Kashmarya Gmelina arborea Madhura, Katu Laghu, Ruksha Ushna Ushna Lignans, Alkaloids 3 Parushaka Grewia asiatica Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Anthocyanins, Polyphenols 4 Abhaya Terminalia chebula Madhura, Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Ushna Ushna Tannins, Gallic acid 5 Amalaka Emblica officinalis Pancharasa (except Lavana) Ruksha, Laghu Madhura Shita Vitamin C, Phyllembelic acid 6 Vibhitaka Terminalia bellirica Kashaya Ruksha, Laghu Madhura Ushna Tannins, Beta-sitosterol 7 Kuvala Zizyphus sativa Madhura, Kashaya Picchila, Guru Madhura Shita Saponins, Flavonoids 8 Badara Zizyphus mauritiana Madhura, Amla, Kashaya Picchila, Guru Madhura Shita Vitamin C, Polyphenols 9 Karkandhu Zizyphus nummularia Madhura, Kashaya Picchila, Guru Madhura Shita Triterpenoids, Alkaloids 10 Pilu Salvadora persica Madhura, Amla, Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Katu Ushna Alkaloids, Glucosinolates Uses of Virechanopaga Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Virechanopaga Varga Works Conclusion The Virechanopaga Mahakashaya Varga is essential for Virechana Karma (purgation therapy). It plays a vital role in detoxification,

11. Traptighna Maha Kashaya Varga (Digestants) Traptighna refers to substances that alleviate excessive satiety (Tripti) and improve digestion. These herbs are particularly beneficial when a person experiences a loss of appetite or reluctance to eat due to sluggish digestion and Kapha-related disorders. According to Charaka Samhita, ten key herbs fall under this category, possessing properties that stimulate Agni (digestive fire) and aid digestion. “Nagarachavyachitrakavidangamurvaguduchivachamustapippalipatolānīti dashemāni traptighnāni bhavanti.” (Ch. Su. 4/8) List of Traptighna Herbs No. Herb (Botanical Name) Taste (Rasa) Properties (Guna) Post-Digestive Effect (Vipaka) Potency (Virya) Active Compounds 1. Nagara (Zingiber officinale) Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Gingerol, Shogaol, Zingiberene 2. Chavya (Piper chaba) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Piperine, Chavicine 3. Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Plumbagin, Flavonoids 4. Vidanga (Embelia ribes) Pungent (Katu), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Embelin, Tannins, Quercetin 5. Murva (Marsedenia tenacissima) Bitter (Tikta) Heavy (Guru), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Alkaloids, Glycosides 6. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Heavy (Guru), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Berberine, Tinosporin, Alkaloids 7. Vacha (Acorus calamus) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Sharp (Tikshna) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) β-Asarone, Eugenol, Tannins 8. Musta (Cyperus rotundus) Pungent (Katu), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Cyperene, Sesquiterpenes, Flavonoids 9. Pippali (Piper longum) Pungent (Katu), Sweet (Madhura) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Mildly Hot (Anushna) Piperine, Myristicin, Lignans 10. Patola (Trichosanthes dioica) Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Cucurbitacins, Flavonoids Applications: The Traptighna herbs are useful in conditions where a person experiences loss of appetite (Aruchi) and reluctance to eat due to heaviness in the stomach. These herbs work by improving digestive fire (Agni), reducing excess mucus (Kapha), and alleviating symptoms of indigestion, bloating, and sluggish digestion. 12. Arshoghna Mahakashaya Varga (Anti-Hemorrhoidal Herbs) Arshoghna refers to herbs that help in the treatment of Arshas (piles/hemorrhoids). These herbs possess properties that reduce swelling, pacify aggravated Vata and Kapha, promote digestion, and help in healing the affected area. According to Charaka Samhita, ten key herbs are categorized under this group. “Bilvachitrakanāgarātiviṣābhayādhanvayāsakadāruharidrāvachāchavyānīti daśemāni arshoghnāni bhavanti.” (Ch. Su. 4/11) List of Arshoghna Herbs No. Herb (Botanical Name) Taste (Rasa) Properties (Guna) Post-Digestive Effect (Vipaka) Potency (Virya) Active Compounds 1. Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Conessine, Alkaloids 2. Bilwa (Aegle marmelos) Astringent (Kashaya), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Marmelosin, Tannins, Flavonoids 3. Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Dry (Ruksha), Light (Laghu) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Plumbagin, Glycosides 4. Nagara (Zingiber officinale) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Dry (Ruksha), Light (Laghu) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Gingerol, Shogaol, Zingiberene 5. Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha), Sharp (Tikshna) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Aconitine, Alkaloids 6. Abhaya (Terminalia chebula) Astringent (Kashaya), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Chebulinic acid, Tannins 7. Dhanvayasaka (Fagonia critica) Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Cold (Shita) Saponins, Flavonoids 8. Daruharidra (Berberis aristata) Astringent (Kashaya), Bitter (Tikta) Dry (Ruksha), Light (Laghu) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Berberine, Alkaloids 9. Vacha (Acorus calamus) Pungent (Katu), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Sharp (Tikshna) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) β-Asarone, Eugenol 10. Chavya (Piper chaba) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Piperine, Chavicine Applications: These herbs are useful in both dry piles (Shushka Arshas) and bleeding hemorrhoids (Rakta Arshas). They work by: 13. Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Varga (Anti-Dermatosis Herbs) Kushthaghna refers to herbs that help in treating Kushtha (skin diseases), including leprosy, eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections, and other dermatological disorders. These herbs possess antimicrobial, blood-purifying, and skin-rejuvenating properties. According to Charaka Samhita, ten key herbs are classified under this category. “Khadirābhayāmalakaharidrāruṣkarasaptaparṇāragvadhakaravīraviḍaṅgajātīpravālā iti daśemāni kuṣṭhaghna bhavanti.” (Ch. Su. 4/11) List of Kushthaghna Herbs No. Herb (Botanical Name) Taste (Rasa) Properties (Guna) Post-Digestive Effect (Vipaka) Potency (Virya) Active Compounds 1. Khadira (Acacia catechu) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Catechin, Tannins 2. Abhaya (Terminalia chebula) Astringent (Kashaya), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Chebulinic acid, Tannins 3. Amalaka (Phyllanthus emblica) Astringent (Kashaya), Sour (Amla) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Sweet (Madhura) Cold (Shita) Vitamin C, Gallic acid 4. Haridra (Curcuma longa) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Curcumin, Tumerone 5. Arushkara (Semecarpus anacardium) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Bhilawanol, Anacardic acid 6. Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Alkaloids, Echitamine 7. Aragwadha (Cassia fistula) Sweet (Madhura) Heavy (Guru), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Cold (Shita) Anthraquinones, Flavonoids 8. Karavira (Nerium odorum) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Oleandrin, Glycosides 9. Vidanga (Embelia ribes) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Embelin, Tannins 10. Jatipravala (Jasminum officinale) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Flavonoids, Alkaloids Applications: These herbs are beneficial in treating various skin disorders (Kushtha Roga) by: 14. Kandughna Mahakashaya Varga (Anti-Pruritic Herbs) Kandughna refers to herbs that help in treating Kandu (itching, pruritus) and related skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, allergies, and fungal infections. These herbs possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and blood-purifying properties that help soothe irritated skin. According to Charaka Samhita, ten key herbs are classified under this category. “Chandananaladakratamālanaktamālanimbakuṭajasarṣapamadhukadāruharidrāmastānīti daśemāni kaṇḍūghnāni bhavanti.” (Ch. Su. 4/11) List of Kandughna Herbs No. Herb (Botanical Name) Taste (Rasa) Properties (Guna) Post-Digestive Effect (Vipaka) Potency (Virya) Active Compounds 1. Chandana (Santalum album) Bitter (Tikta), Sweet (Madhura) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Santalol, α-Santalene 2. Nalada (Nardostachys jatamansi) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Jatamansone, Alkaloids 3. Kratamala (Cassia fistula) Sweet (Madhura) Heavy (Guru), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Cold (Shita) Anthraquinones, Flavonoids 4. Naktamala (Pongamia pinnata)

Here is the combined table with all the Ayurvedic herbs you listed, including their botanical names and families: Botanical names and Family Sanskrit Name Botanical Name Family Agnimantha Clerodendrum phlomidis Lamiaceae Ahiphena Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae Ajamoda Apium graveolens Apiaceae Amalaki Emblica officinalis Phyllanthaceae Apamarga Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Aragwadha Cassia fistula Fabaceae Arjuna Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Ashoka Saraca asoca Fabaceae Ashwagandha Withania somnifera Solanaceae Asthishrunkhala Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae Ativisha Aconitum heterophyllum Ranunculaceae Bakuchi Psoralea corylifolia Fabaceae Bala Sida cordifolia Malvaceae Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Dhanyaka Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae Beejaka Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae Bharangi Clerodendrum serratum Lamiaceae Bhrungaraja Eclipta alba (E. prostrata) Asteraceae Bhumyamalaki Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthaceae Bilva Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Brahmi Bacopa monnieri Plantaginaceae Bruhati Solanum indicum Solanaceae Chakramarda Cassia tora Fabaceae Chandana Santalum album Santalaceae Chitraka Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Dadima Punica granatum Lythraceae Dhataki Woodfordia fruticosa Lythraceae Dhanvayasa Fagonia cretica Zygophyllaceae Ela Elettaria cardamomum Zingiberaceae Eranda Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Gambhari Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae Gokshura Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Guggulu Commiphora mukul Burseraceae Haridra Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Haritaki Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Hingu Ferula narthex Apiaceae Jambu Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Japa Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Jatamansi Nardostachys grandiflora (N. jatamansi) Caprifoliaceae Jeeraka Cuminum cyminum Apiaceae Jyotishmati Celastrus paniculatus Celastraceae Kalamegha Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Jatiphala Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Kampillaka Mallotus philippensis Euphorbiaceae Kanchanara Bauhinia variegata Fabaceae Sarpagandha Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum (S. surattense) Solanaceae Kapikachhu Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae Karkatshrungi Pistacia integerrima Anacardiaceae Katuki Picrorhiza kurroa Plantaginaceae Khadira Acacia catechu Fabaceae Kumari Aloe vera Asphodelaceae Kumkuma Crocus sativus Iridaceae Kutaja Holarrhena pubescens Apocynaceae Lajjalu Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Lavanga Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Lodhra Symplocos racemosa Symplocaceae Mandukaparni Centella asiatica Apiaceae Maricha Piper nigrum Piperaceae Meshashrungi Gymnema sylvestre Apocynaceae Musta Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Nagkeshara Mesua ferrea Calophyllaceae Nimba Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Nirgundi Vitex negundo Lamiaceae Pashanabheda Bergenia ciliata Saxifragaceae Patha Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae Pippali Piper longum Piperaceae Punarnava Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Rasna Pluchea lanceolata Asteraceae Rasona Allium sativum Amaryllidaceae Sariva Hemidesmus indicus Apocynaceae Shallaki Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Vacha Acorus calamus Acoraceae Shalmali Bombax ceiba Malvaceae Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaulis Convolvulaceae Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Shigru Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Twak Cinnamomum aromaticum Lauraceae Usheera Vetiveria zizanioides Poaceae Varuna Crataeva magna Capparaceae Vasa Justicia adhatoda Acanthaceae Vatsanabha Aconitum ferox Ranunculaceae Vibhitaki Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae Vidanga Embelia ribes Primulaceae Yashtimadhu Glycyrrhiza glabra Fabaceae Family-Wise of Ayurvedic Herbs Family Number of Drugs Drugs Fabaceae 10 Aragwadha, Bakuchi, Beejaka, Chakramarda, Dhanyaka, Haritaki, Jatiphala, Khadira, Kantakari, Vatsanabha Lamiaceae 6 Agnimantha, Bharangi, Gambhari, Jyotishmati, Nirgundi, Tulasi Zingiberaceae 4 Ela, Haridra, Shunthi, Talisapatra Apiaceae 4 Ajamoda, Dhanyaka, Jeeraka, Mandukaparni Combretaceae 3 Arjuna, Haritaki, Vibhitaki Apocynaceae 4 Kutaja, Meshashrungi, Sariva, Sarpagandha Asteraceae 3 Bhrungaraja, Rasna, Chakramarda Poaceae 2 Usheera, Vetiveria zizanioides Phyllanthaceae 2 Amalaki, Bhumyamalaki Solanaceae 3 Ashwagandha, Bruhati, Kantakari Meliaceae 2 Jambu, Nimba Burseraceae 2 Guggulu, Shallaki Rutaceae 2 Bilva, Jatamansi Malvaceae 3 Bala, Shalmali, Japa Menispermaceae 2 Guduchi, Patha Ranunculaceae 2 Ativisha, Vatsanabha Primulaceae 2 Vidanga, Embelia ribes Moringaceae 1 Shigru Asparagaceae 1 Shatavari Lauraceae 1 Twak Iridaceae 1 Kumkuma Euphorbiaceae 1 Eranda Celastraceae 1 Jyotishmati Pinaceae 1 Talisapatra Capparaceae 1 Varuna Myrtaceae 1 Lavanga Acanthaceae 1 Vasa Amaranthaceae 1 Apamarga Asphodelaceae 1 Kumari Zygophyllaceae 1 Gokshura Nyctaginaceae 1 Punarnava Santalaceae 1 Chandana Plumbaginaceae 1 Chitraka Saxifragaceae 1 Pashanabheda Vitaceae 1 Asthishrunkhala Cypereaceae 1 Musta Rosaceae 1 Lodhra Anacardiaceae 1 Bhallataka Symplocaceae 1 Lodhra Acoraceae 1 Vacha Summary Family-wise Karma and Modern Pharmacological Effects of Ayurvedic Herbs Family Ayurvedic Karma (Traditional Effects) Modern Pharmacological Effects Fabaceae Laxative, Blood purifier, Antimicrobial, Detoxifier Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic Lamiaceae Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective, Immunomodulator CNS stimulant, Antiviral, Analgesic, Antimicrobial Zingiberaceae Digestive stimulant, Carminative, Anti-inflammatory Gastroprotective, Anti-nausea, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant Apiaceae Carminative, Antispasmodic, Memory enhancer Digestive tonic, Antiflatulent, Hepatoprotective, Cognitive enhancer Combretaceae Cardioprotective, Rejuvenative, Laxative Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, Cardiotonic Apocynaceae Antidiabetic, Blood purifier, Antihypertensive Hypoglycemic, Antihypertensive, Antimicrobial Asteraceae Hair growth promoter, Anti-inflammatory, Vata-pacifying Hepatoprotective, Wound healing, Antioxidant Poaceae Cooling, Diuretic, Pitta-pacifying Antipyretic, Diuretic, Antioxidant Phyllanthaceae Rejuvenative, Liver tonic, Immunomodulator Hepatoprotective, Antiviral, Anti-inflammatory Solanaceae Adaptogenic, Strength promoter, Expectorant Anxiolytic, Anti-stress, Anti-asthmatic Meliaceae Antidiabetic, Blood purifier, Antimicrobial Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic Burseraceae Anti-inflammatory, Joint pain reliever, Lipid-lowering Anti-arthritic, Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant Rutaceae Nervine tonic, Digestive stimulant, Memory booster Neuroprotective, Antispasmodic, Gastroprotective Malvaceae Strength promoter, Rejuvenative, Cooling Anti-inflammatory, Muscle relaxant, Antioxidant Menispermaceae Immunomodulator, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory Immunostimulant, Antipyretic, Anti-cancer Ranunculaceae Digestive stimulant, Detoxifier, Antipyretic Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective Primulaceae Anthelmintic, Digestive stimulant, Blood purifier Antiparasitic, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant Moringaceae Anti-inflammatory, Nutrient-rich, Antioxidant Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory, Nutrient-dense Asparagaceae Rejuvenative, Female tonic, Cooling Estrogenic, Reproductive health booster, Antioxidant Lauraceae Carminative, Digestive, Warming Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Digestive stimulant Iridaceae Blood purifier, Skin glow enhancer, Mood stabilizer Antidepressant, Skin tonic, Anti-inflammatory Euphorbiaceae Laxative, Anti-inflammatory, Vata-pacifying Laxative, Anti-inflammatory, Antispasmodic Celastraceae Memory booster, Nervine tonic Cognitive enhancer, Neuroprotective, Antioxidant Pinaceae Expectorant, Antimicrobial Antibacterial, Respiratory tonic, Anti-inflammatory Capparaceae Diuretic, Stone dissolver Nephroprotective, Antilithic (Kidney stone dissolver) Myrtaceae Antimicrobial, Digestive stimulant Antibacterial, Antifungal, Gastroprotective Acanthaceae Expectorant, Cough suppressant Bronchodilator, Antitussive, Anti-asthmatic Amaranthaceae Detoxifier, Laxative, Kaphahara Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective Asphodelaceae Skin healer, Digestive, Liver tonic Hepatoprotective, Wound healer, Antioxidant Zygophyllaceae Diuretic, Aphrodisiac, Kidney tonic Nephroprotective, Libido-enhancing, Anti-inflammatory Nyctaginaceae Diuretic, Swelling reducer, Liver protector Nephroprotective, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory Santalaceae Cooling, Skin tonic, Blood purifier Antioxidant, Skin protector, Anti-inflammatory Plumbaginaceae Digestive stimulant, Detoxifier Gastroprotective, Hepatoprotective, Antimicrobial Saxifragaceae Kidney stone dissolver, Diuretic Antilithic, Diuretic, Nephroprotective Vitaceae Bone strengthener, Anti-inflammatory Osteoprotective, Anti-arthritic, Antioxidant Cypereaceae Digestive stimulant, Antipyretic Antipyretic, Gastroprotective, Anti-inflammatory Rosaceae Skin healer, Hormonal balancer Wound healing, Antioxidant, Hormone balancing Anacardiaceae Aphrodisiac, Digestive, Detoxifier Libido-enhancing, Digestive stimulant, Hepatoprotective Symplocaceae Anti-inflammatory, Skin tonic Skin healing, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory Acoraceae Nervine tonic, Memory enhancer Neuroprotective, Cognitive enhancer, Anxiolytic Key Insights: This classification links Ayurvedic karma with modern pharmacology, providing a holistic understanding of herbal propertie References NCISM – Dravyaguna Vigyan NCBI – Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants NCBI – Antioxidant Response of Ayurvedic Plants PubMed – Adaptogenic Properties of Rasayana Herbs Other articles :