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21. Snehopaga Mahakashaya Varga (Adjuvants of Oleation Therapy) Introduction The Snehopaga Mahakashaya Varga consists of ten medicinal plants that act as adjuvants in Snehana Karma (Oleation Therapy). These herbs enhance the properties of medicated oils and ghee, supporting deep tissue nourishment, lubrication, and detoxification. They help in balancing Vata and Pitta Dosha, improving the absorption of Sneha Dravyas, and promoting rejuvenation and vitality. List of Snehopaga Dravyas (Medicinal Plants of Snehopaga Varga) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Active Compounds 1 Mradwika Vitis vinifera Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Resveratrol, Flavonoids 2 Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Glycyrrhizin, Flavonoids 3 Madhuparni Tinospora cordifolia Tikta, Kashaya Guru, Snigdha Madhura Ushna Tinosporin, Alkaloids 4 Meda Polygonatum verticillatum Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Saponins, Polysaccharides 5 Vidari Pueraria tuberosa Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Isoflavonoids, Coumarins 6 Kakoli Lillium polyphyllum Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Alkaloids, Flavonoids 7 Kshira Kakoli Lillium sp. Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Glycosides, Saponins 8 Jivaka Microstylis wallichii Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Flavonoids, Sterols 9 Jivanti Leptadenia reticulata Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Leptadenosides, Alkaloids 10 Shalaparni Desmodium gangeticum Madhura, Tikta Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Isoflavones, Sterols Uses of Snehopaga Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Snehopaga Varga Works Conclusion The Snehopaga Mahakashaya Varga plays a vital role in Ayurvedic Oleation Therapy (Snehana Karma) by enhancing the absorption and efficacy of medicated ghee and oils. These ten powerful herbs help in nourishment, rejuvenation, skin health, and nervous system balance, making them essential in Panchakarma and Rasayana therapies. 22. Swedopaga Mahakashaya Varga (Adjuvants of Sudation Therapy) Introduction The Swedopaga Mahakashaya Varga consists of ten medicinal plants that act as adjuvants to Swedana Karma (Sudation Therapy). These herbs enhance the therapeutic effect of Swedana, facilitating detoxification, sweat induction, and deep tissue relaxation. They help in balancing Vata and Kapha Dosha, reducing stiffness, pain, and swelling. List of Swedopaga Dravyas (Medicinal Plants of Swedopaga Varga) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Active Compounds 1 Shobhanjana Moringa oleifera Katu, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Moringinine, Flavonoids 2 Eranda Ricinus communis Madhura, Tikta Tikshna, Snigdha Madhura Ushna Ricinoleic Acid, Alkaloids 3 Arka Calotropis procera Katu Tikshna, Ruksha Katu Ushna Calotropin, Flavonoids 4 Vraschira Trianthema portulacastrum Katu, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Saponins, Alkaloids 5 Punarnava Boerhavia diffusa Tikta, Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Madhura Ushna Boeravinone, Flavonoids 6 Yava Hordeum vulgare Madhura Laghu, Ruksha Madhura Shita Beta-glucans, Polyphenols 7 Tila Sesamum indicum Madhura, Kashaya Guru, Snigdha Madhura Ushna Sesamin, Tocopherols 8 Kulattha Dolichos biflorus Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Katu Ushna Polyphenols, Proteins 9 Masha Phaseolus mungo Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Lecithins, Flavonoids 10 Badara Ziziphus jujuba Madhura, Amla Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Triterpenoids, Flavonoids Uses of Swedopaga Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Swedopaga Varga Works Conclusion The Swedopaga Mahakashaya Varga enhances the therapeutic effect of Swedana Karma by improving perspiration, circulation, and detoxification. These ten powerful herbs are essential for managing Vata and Kapha disorders, making them valuable in Panchakarma therapies. 23. Vamanopaga Mahakashaya Varga (Sub-emetics) Introduction The Vamanopaga Mahakashaya Varga consists of ten medicinal plants that act as adjuvants to Vamana Karma (Therapeutic Emesis). These herbs enhance the effectiveness of primary Vamana Dravyas, helping to expel excessive Kapha Dosha, toxins (Ama), and undigested food. They aid in conditions like chronic cough, asthma, indigestion, and skin diseases. List of Vamanopaga Dravyas (Medicinal Plants of Vamanopaga Varga) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Active Compounds 1 Madhu Honey Kashaya, Madhura Laghu, Ruksha Madhura Ushna Flavonoids, Enzymes 2 Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra Madhura, Tikta Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Glycyrrhizin, Saponins 3 Kovidara Bauhinia purpurea Kashaya Ruksha, Laghu Katu Shita Flavonoids, Tannins 4 Karbudara Bauhinia variegata Kashaya Ruksha, Laghu Katu Shita Phytosterols, Alkaloids 5 Nipa Anthocephalus cadamba Kashaya Ruksha, Laghu Katu Shita Terpenoids, Glycosides 6 Vidula Barringtonia acutangula Kashaya Ruksha, Tikshna Katu Shita Saponins, Tannins 7 Bimbi Coccinia indica Kashaya, Katu Ruksha, Laghu Katu Ushna Beta-carotene, Triterpenoids 8 Shanapushpi Crotalaria verrucosa Tikta, Katu Laghu, Tikshna Katu Ushna Alkaloids, Flavonoids 9 Sadapushpa Calotropis gigantea Tikta, Katu Tikshna, Sara Katu Ushna Calotropin, Glycosides 10 Pratyakpushpa Achyranthes aspera Katu, Tikta Laghu, Tikshna Katu Ushna Ecdysteroids, Saponins Uses of Vamanopaga Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Vamanopaga Varga Works Conclusion The Vamanopaga Mahakashaya Varga strengthens Vamana Karma (therapeutic emesis) by aiding in Kapha elimination, detoxification, and respiratory health. These herbs are essential for managing chronic cough, skin disorders, indigestion, and metabolic imbalances, making them vital in Panchakarma therapies. 24. Virechanopaga Mahakashaya Varga (Sub-purgatives) Introduction The Virechanopaga Mahakashaya Varga includes ten medicinal plants that support Virechana Karma (therapeutic purgation). These herbs enhance the action of Virechana Dravyas like Trivrit (Operculina turpethum), helping in the elimination of excessive Pitta Dosha and toxins (Ama) from the intestines. They are beneficial in liver disorders, skin diseases, chronic constipation, and metabolic imbalances. List of Virechanopaga Dravyas (Medicinal Plants of Virechanopaga Varga) SI No Name Botanical Name Rasa (Taste) Guna (Properties) Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Virya (Potency) Active Compounds 1 Draksha Vitis vinifera Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Resveratrol, Flavonoids 2 Kashmarya Gmelina arborea Madhura, Katu Laghu, Ruksha Ushna Ushna Lignans, Alkaloids 3 Parushaka Grewia asiatica Madhura Guru, Snigdha Madhura Shita Anthocyanins, Polyphenols 4 Abhaya Terminalia chebula Madhura, Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Ushna Ushna Tannins, Gallic acid 5 Amalaka Emblica officinalis Pancharasa (except Lavana) Ruksha, Laghu Madhura Shita Vitamin C, Phyllembelic acid 6 Vibhitaka Terminalia bellirica Kashaya Ruksha, Laghu Madhura Ushna Tannins, Beta-sitosterol 7 Kuvala Zizyphus sativa Madhura, Kashaya Picchila, Guru Madhura Shita Saponins, Flavonoids 8 Badara Zizyphus mauritiana Madhura, Amla, Kashaya Picchila, Guru Madhura Shita Vitamin C, Polyphenols 9 Karkandhu Zizyphus nummularia Madhura, Kashaya Picchila, Guru Madhura Shita Triterpenoids, Alkaloids 10 Pilu Salvadora persica Madhura, Amla, Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Snigdha Katu Ushna Alkaloids, Glucosinolates Uses of Virechanopaga Varga Dosha Karma (Effect on Doshas) How Virechanopaga Varga Works Conclusion The Virechanopaga Mahakashaya Varga is essential for Virechana Karma (purgation therapy). It plays a vital role in detoxification,

11. Traptighna Maha Kashaya Varga (Digestants) Traptighna refers to substances that alleviate excessive satiety (Tripti) and improve digestion. These herbs are particularly beneficial when a person experiences a loss of appetite or reluctance to eat due to sluggish digestion and Kapha-related disorders. According to Charaka Samhita, ten key herbs fall under this category, possessing properties that stimulate Agni (digestive fire) and aid digestion. “Nagarachavyachitrakavidangamurvaguduchivachamustapippalipatolānīti dashemāni traptighnāni bhavanti.” (Ch. Su. 4/8) List of Traptighna Herbs No. Herb (Botanical Name) Taste (Rasa) Properties (Guna) Post-Digestive Effect (Vipaka) Potency (Virya) Active Compounds 1. Nagara (Zingiber officinale) Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Gingerol, Shogaol, Zingiberene 2. Chavya (Piper chaba) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Piperine, Chavicine 3. Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Plumbagin, Flavonoids 4. Vidanga (Embelia ribes) Pungent (Katu), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Embelin, Tannins, Quercetin 5. Murva (Marsedenia tenacissima) Bitter (Tikta) Heavy (Guru), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Alkaloids, Glycosides 6. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Heavy (Guru), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Berberine, Tinosporin, Alkaloids 7. Vacha (Acorus calamus) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Sharp (Tikshna) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) β-Asarone, Eugenol, Tannins 8. Musta (Cyperus rotundus) Pungent (Katu), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Cyperene, Sesquiterpenes, Flavonoids 9. Pippali (Piper longum) Pungent (Katu), Sweet (Madhura) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Mildly Hot (Anushna) Piperine, Myristicin, Lignans 10. Patola (Trichosanthes dioica) Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Cucurbitacins, Flavonoids Applications: The Traptighna herbs are useful in conditions where a person experiences loss of appetite (Aruchi) and reluctance to eat due to heaviness in the stomach. These herbs work by improving digestive fire (Agni), reducing excess mucus (Kapha), and alleviating symptoms of indigestion, bloating, and sluggish digestion. 12. Arshoghna Mahakashaya Varga (Anti-Hemorrhoidal Herbs) Arshoghna refers to herbs that help in the treatment of Arshas (piles/hemorrhoids). These herbs possess properties that reduce swelling, pacify aggravated Vata and Kapha, promote digestion, and help in healing the affected area. According to Charaka Samhita, ten key herbs are categorized under this group. “Bilvachitrakanāgarātiviṣābhayādhanvayāsakadāruharidrāvachāchavyānīti daśemāni arshoghnāni bhavanti.” (Ch. Su. 4/11) List of Arshoghna Herbs No. Herb (Botanical Name) Taste (Rasa) Properties (Guna) Post-Digestive Effect (Vipaka) Potency (Virya) Active Compounds 1. Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Conessine, Alkaloids 2. Bilwa (Aegle marmelos) Astringent (Kashaya), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Marmelosin, Tannins, Flavonoids 3. Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Dry (Ruksha), Light (Laghu) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Plumbagin, Glycosides 4. Nagara (Zingiber officinale) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Dry (Ruksha), Light (Laghu) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Gingerol, Shogaol, Zingiberene 5. Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha), Sharp (Tikshna) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Aconitine, Alkaloids 6. Abhaya (Terminalia chebula) Astringent (Kashaya), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Chebulinic acid, Tannins 7. Dhanvayasaka (Fagonia critica) Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Cold (Shita) Saponins, Flavonoids 8. Daruharidra (Berberis aristata) Astringent (Kashaya), Bitter (Tikta) Dry (Ruksha), Light (Laghu) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Berberine, Alkaloids 9. Vacha (Acorus calamus) Pungent (Katu), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Sharp (Tikshna) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) β-Asarone, Eugenol 10. Chavya (Piper chaba) Pungent (Katu) Sharp (Tikshna), Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Piperine, Chavicine Applications: These herbs are useful in both dry piles (Shushka Arshas) and bleeding hemorrhoids (Rakta Arshas). They work by: 13. Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Varga (Anti-Dermatosis Herbs) Kushthaghna refers to herbs that help in treating Kushtha (skin diseases), including leprosy, eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections, and other dermatological disorders. These herbs possess antimicrobial, blood-purifying, and skin-rejuvenating properties. According to Charaka Samhita, ten key herbs are classified under this category. “Khadirābhayāmalakaharidrāruṣkarasaptaparṇāragvadhakaravīraviḍaṅgajātīpravālā iti daśemāni kuṣṭhaghna bhavanti.” (Ch. Su. 4/11) List of Kushthaghna Herbs No. Herb (Botanical Name) Taste (Rasa) Properties (Guna) Post-Digestive Effect (Vipaka) Potency (Virya) Active Compounds 1. Khadira (Acacia catechu) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Catechin, Tannins 2. Abhaya (Terminalia chebula) Astringent (Kashaya), Bitter (Tikta) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Sweet (Madhura) Hot (Ushna) Chebulinic acid, Tannins 3. Amalaka (Phyllanthus emblica) Astringent (Kashaya), Sour (Amla) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Sweet (Madhura) Cold (Shita) Vitamin C, Gallic acid 4. Haridra (Curcuma longa) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Curcumin, Tumerone 5. Arushkara (Semecarpus anacardium) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Bhilawanol, Anacardic acid 6. Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Alkaloids, Echitamine 7. Aragwadha (Cassia fistula) Sweet (Madhura) Heavy (Guru), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Cold (Shita) Anthraquinones, Flavonoids 8. Karavira (Nerium odorum) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Oleandrin, Glycosides 9. Vidanga (Embelia ribes) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Embelin, Tannins 10. Jatipravala (Jasminum officinale) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Hot (Ushna) Flavonoids, Alkaloids Applications: These herbs are beneficial in treating various skin disorders (Kushtha Roga) by: 14. Kandughna Mahakashaya Varga (Anti-Pruritic Herbs) Kandughna refers to herbs that help in treating Kandu (itching, pruritus) and related skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, allergies, and fungal infections. These herbs possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and blood-purifying properties that help soothe irritated skin. According to Charaka Samhita, ten key herbs are classified under this category. “Chandananaladakratamālanaktamālanimbakuṭajasarṣapamadhukadāruharidrāmastānīti daśemāni kaṇḍūghnāni bhavanti.” (Ch. Su. 4/11) List of Kandughna Herbs No. Herb (Botanical Name) Taste (Rasa) Properties (Guna) Post-Digestive Effect (Vipaka) Potency (Virya) Active Compounds 1. Chandana (Santalum album) Bitter (Tikta), Sweet (Madhura) Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Santalol, α-Santalene 2. Nalada (Nardostachys jatamansi) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya) Light (Laghu), Oily (Snigdha) Pungent (Katu) Cold (Shita) Jatamansone, Alkaloids 3. Kratamala (Cassia fistula) Sweet (Madhura) Heavy (Guru), Oily (Snigdha) Sweet (Madhura) Cold (Shita) Anthraquinones, Flavonoids 4. Naktamala (Pongamia pinnata)

Here is the combined table with all the Ayurvedic herbs you listed, including their botanical names and families: Botanical names and Family Sanskrit Name Botanical Name Family Agnimantha Clerodendrum phlomidis Lamiaceae Ahiphena Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae Ajamoda Apium graveolens Apiaceae Amalaki Emblica officinalis Phyllanthaceae Apamarga Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Aragwadha Cassia fistula Fabaceae Arjuna Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Ashoka Saraca asoca Fabaceae Ashwagandha Withania somnifera Solanaceae Asthishrunkhala Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae Ativisha Aconitum heterophyllum Ranunculaceae Bakuchi Psoralea corylifolia Fabaceae Bala Sida cordifolia Malvaceae Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Dhanyaka Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae Beejaka Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae Bharangi Clerodendrum serratum Lamiaceae Bhrungaraja Eclipta alba (E. prostrata) Asteraceae Bhumyamalaki Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthaceae Bilva Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Brahmi Bacopa monnieri Plantaginaceae Bruhati Solanum indicum Solanaceae Chakramarda Cassia tora Fabaceae Chandana Santalum album Santalaceae Chitraka Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Dadima Punica granatum Lythraceae Dhataki Woodfordia fruticosa Lythraceae Dhanvayasa Fagonia cretica Zygophyllaceae Ela Elettaria cardamomum Zingiberaceae Eranda Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Gambhari Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae Gokshura Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Guggulu Commiphora mukul Burseraceae Haridra Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Haritaki Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Hingu Ferula narthex Apiaceae Jambu Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Japa Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Jatamansi Nardostachys grandiflora (N. jatamansi) Caprifoliaceae Jeeraka Cuminum cyminum Apiaceae Jyotishmati Celastrus paniculatus Celastraceae Kalamegha Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Jatiphala Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Kampillaka Mallotus philippensis Euphorbiaceae Kanchanara Bauhinia variegata Fabaceae Sarpagandha Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum (S. surattense) Solanaceae Kapikachhu Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae Karkatshrungi Pistacia integerrima Anacardiaceae Katuki Picrorhiza kurroa Plantaginaceae Khadira Acacia catechu Fabaceae Kumari Aloe vera Asphodelaceae Kumkuma Crocus sativus Iridaceae Kutaja Holarrhena pubescens Apocynaceae Lajjalu Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Lavanga Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Lodhra Symplocos racemosa Symplocaceae Mandukaparni Centella asiatica Apiaceae Maricha Piper nigrum Piperaceae Meshashrungi Gymnema sylvestre Apocynaceae Musta Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Nagkeshara Mesua ferrea Calophyllaceae Nimba Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Nirgundi Vitex negundo Lamiaceae Pashanabheda Bergenia ciliata Saxifragaceae Patha Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae Pippali Piper longum Piperaceae Punarnava Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Rasna Pluchea lanceolata Asteraceae Rasona Allium sativum Amaryllidaceae Sariva Hemidesmus indicus Apocynaceae Shallaki Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Vacha Acorus calamus Acoraceae Shalmali Bombax ceiba Malvaceae Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaulis Convolvulaceae Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Shigru Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Twak Cinnamomum aromaticum Lauraceae Usheera Vetiveria zizanioides Poaceae Varuna Crataeva magna Capparaceae Vasa Justicia adhatoda Acanthaceae Vatsanabha Aconitum ferox Ranunculaceae Vibhitaki Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae Vidanga Embelia ribes Primulaceae Yashtimadhu Glycyrrhiza glabra Fabaceae Family-Wise of Ayurvedic Herbs Family Number of Drugs Drugs Fabaceae 10 Aragwadha, Bakuchi, Beejaka, Chakramarda, Dhanyaka, Haritaki, Jatiphala, Khadira, Kantakari, Vatsanabha Lamiaceae 6 Agnimantha, Bharangi, Gambhari, Jyotishmati, Nirgundi, Tulasi Zingiberaceae 4 Ela, Haridra, Shunthi, Talisapatra Apiaceae 4 Ajamoda, Dhanyaka, Jeeraka, Mandukaparni Combretaceae 3 Arjuna, Haritaki, Vibhitaki Apocynaceae 4 Kutaja, Meshashrungi, Sariva, Sarpagandha Asteraceae 3 Bhrungaraja, Rasna, Chakramarda Poaceae 2 Usheera, Vetiveria zizanioides Phyllanthaceae 2 Amalaki, Bhumyamalaki Solanaceae 3 Ashwagandha, Bruhati, Kantakari Meliaceae 2 Jambu, Nimba Burseraceae 2 Guggulu, Shallaki Rutaceae 2 Bilva, Jatamansi Malvaceae 3 Bala, Shalmali, Japa Menispermaceae 2 Guduchi, Patha Ranunculaceae 2 Ativisha, Vatsanabha Primulaceae 2 Vidanga, Embelia ribes Moringaceae 1 Shigru Asparagaceae 1 Shatavari Lauraceae 1 Twak Iridaceae 1 Kumkuma Euphorbiaceae 1 Eranda Celastraceae 1 Jyotishmati Pinaceae 1 Talisapatra Capparaceae 1 Varuna Myrtaceae 1 Lavanga Acanthaceae 1 Vasa Amaranthaceae 1 Apamarga Asphodelaceae 1 Kumari Zygophyllaceae 1 Gokshura Nyctaginaceae 1 Punarnava Santalaceae 1 Chandana Plumbaginaceae 1 Chitraka Saxifragaceae 1 Pashanabheda Vitaceae 1 Asthishrunkhala Cypereaceae 1 Musta Rosaceae 1 Lodhra Anacardiaceae 1 Bhallataka Symplocaceae 1 Lodhra Acoraceae 1 Vacha Summary Family-wise Karma and Modern Pharmacological Effects of Ayurvedic Herbs Family Ayurvedic Karma (Traditional Effects) Modern Pharmacological Effects Fabaceae Laxative, Blood purifier, Antimicrobial, Detoxifier Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic Lamiaceae Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective, Immunomodulator CNS stimulant, Antiviral, Analgesic, Antimicrobial Zingiberaceae Digestive stimulant, Carminative, Anti-inflammatory Gastroprotective, Anti-nausea, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant Apiaceae Carminative, Antispasmodic, Memory enhancer Digestive tonic, Antiflatulent, Hepatoprotective, Cognitive enhancer Combretaceae Cardioprotective, Rejuvenative, Laxative Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant, Cardiotonic Apocynaceae Antidiabetic, Blood purifier, Antihypertensive Hypoglycemic, Antihypertensive, Antimicrobial Asteraceae Hair growth promoter, Anti-inflammatory, Vata-pacifying Hepatoprotective, Wound healing, Antioxidant Poaceae Cooling, Diuretic, Pitta-pacifying Antipyretic, Diuretic, Antioxidant Phyllanthaceae Rejuvenative, Liver tonic, Immunomodulator Hepatoprotective, Antiviral, Anti-inflammatory Solanaceae Adaptogenic, Strength promoter, Expectorant Anxiolytic, Anti-stress, Anti-asthmatic Meliaceae Antidiabetic, Blood purifier, Antimicrobial Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic Burseraceae Anti-inflammatory, Joint pain reliever, Lipid-lowering Anti-arthritic, Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant Rutaceae Nervine tonic, Digestive stimulant, Memory booster Neuroprotective, Antispasmodic, Gastroprotective Malvaceae Strength promoter, Rejuvenative, Cooling Anti-inflammatory, Muscle relaxant, Antioxidant Menispermaceae Immunomodulator, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory Immunostimulant, Antipyretic, Anti-cancer Ranunculaceae Digestive stimulant, Detoxifier, Antipyretic Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective Primulaceae Anthelmintic, Digestive stimulant, Blood purifier Antiparasitic, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant Moringaceae Anti-inflammatory, Nutrient-rich, Antioxidant Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory, Nutrient-dense Asparagaceae Rejuvenative, Female tonic, Cooling Estrogenic, Reproductive health booster, Antioxidant Lauraceae Carminative, Digestive, Warming Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Digestive stimulant Iridaceae Blood purifier, Skin glow enhancer, Mood stabilizer Antidepressant, Skin tonic, Anti-inflammatory Euphorbiaceae Laxative, Anti-inflammatory, Vata-pacifying Laxative, Anti-inflammatory, Antispasmodic Celastraceae Memory booster, Nervine tonic Cognitive enhancer, Neuroprotective, Antioxidant Pinaceae Expectorant, Antimicrobial Antibacterial, Respiratory tonic, Anti-inflammatory Capparaceae Diuretic, Stone dissolver Nephroprotective, Antilithic (Kidney stone dissolver) Myrtaceae Antimicrobial, Digestive stimulant Antibacterial, Antifungal, Gastroprotective Acanthaceae Expectorant, Cough suppressant Bronchodilator, Antitussive, Anti-asthmatic Amaranthaceae Detoxifier, Laxative, Kaphahara Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective Asphodelaceae Skin healer, Digestive, Liver tonic Hepatoprotective, Wound healer, Antioxidant Zygophyllaceae Diuretic, Aphrodisiac, Kidney tonic Nephroprotective, Libido-enhancing, Anti-inflammatory Nyctaginaceae Diuretic, Swelling reducer, Liver protector Nephroprotective, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory Santalaceae Cooling, Skin tonic, Blood purifier Antioxidant, Skin protector, Anti-inflammatory Plumbaginaceae Digestive stimulant, Detoxifier Gastroprotective, Hepatoprotective, Antimicrobial Saxifragaceae Kidney stone dissolver, Diuretic Antilithic, Diuretic, Nephroprotective Vitaceae Bone strengthener, Anti-inflammatory Osteoprotective, Anti-arthritic, Antioxidant Cypereaceae Digestive stimulant, Antipyretic Antipyretic, Gastroprotective, Anti-inflammatory Rosaceae Skin healer, Hormonal balancer Wound healing, Antioxidant, Hormone balancing Anacardiaceae Aphrodisiac, Digestive, Detoxifier Libido-enhancing, Digestive stimulant, Hepatoprotective Symplocaceae Anti-inflammatory, Skin tonic Skin healing, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory Acoraceae Nervine tonic, Memory enhancer Neuroprotective, Cognitive enhancer, Anxiolytic Key Insights: This classification links Ayurvedic karma with modern pharmacology, providing a holistic understanding of herbal propertie References NCISM – Dravyaguna Vigyan NCBI – Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants NCBI – Antioxidant Response of Ayurvedic Plants PubMed – Adaptogenic Properties of Rasayana Herbs Other articles :

Avascular necrosis (AVN), also known as osteonecrosis, is a condition that occurs when there is a loss of blood supply to the bone, leading to the death of bone cells. It most commonly affects the hip joint, causing debilitating pain, impaired mobility, and potentially leading to joint collapse. In this article, we will explore all aspects of AVN of the hip, including its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and long-term management strategies. 1. Introduction Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip is a serious condition that affects the femoral head, the ball-shaped structure at the top of the femur that fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint. The loss of blood supply to the femoral head leads to bone cell death, weakening the bone and eventually causing it to collapse. As the bone deteriorates, the joint loses its structural integrity, leading to pain, stiffness, and functional impairment. The hip joint is crucial for weight-bearing activities and is subject to significant mechanical stress during movement. AVN of the hip can severely affect the quality of life, causing chronic pain and disability. The disease is often progressive and may result in osteoarthritis, requiring surgical intervention, most commonly total hip replacement (THR). 2. Pathophysiology of Avascular Necrosis of the Hip The hip joint is highly vascularized, with blood supply provided by branches from the femoral artery, particularly the medial and lateral circumflex arteries. In AVN, there is a disruption in this blood supply, leading to ischemia (lack of blood flow) in the femoral head. Without adequate blood flow, bone cells (osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts) are deprived of essential nutrients and oxygen, causing them to die. Over time, the bone structure weakens and collapses, leading to deformities in the hip joint. The initial stage of AVN involves bone cell death and necrosis of trabecular bone, which is the spongy bone inside the femoral head. As the disease progresses, subchondral bone (the bone just beneath the cartilage) is affected, leading to cartilage destruction and joint degeneration. In the final stages, the femoral head can collapse completely, causing severe pain, joint deformity, and loss of function. The collapse of the femoral head results in joint incongruity and a decrease in the congruency between the femoral head and the acetabulum, which impairs the normal function of the hip joint. This damage can lead to secondary osteoarthritis and the development of debilitating hip pain. 3. Risk Factors for Avascular Necrosis of the Hip Several risk factors contribute to the development of AVN of the hip, some of which are modifiable, while others are non-modifiable. Understanding these risk factors is essential for both prevention and early diagnosis. a. Trauma One of the most common causes of AVN is traumatic injury to the hip, such as fractures of the femoral neck or dislocations of the hip joint. Trauma can damage the blood vessels supplying the femoral head, leading to ischemia and necrosis. b. Corticosteroid Use Long-term use of corticosteroids, particularly at high doses, is a well-established risk factor for AVN of the hip. Corticosteroids are thought to cause AVN by several mechanisms, including direct toxicity to osteoblasts, increased intraosseous pressure, and fat embolism that obstructs blood vessels. The risk increases with higher cumulative doses and prolonged use. c. Alcohol Consumption Excessive alcohol intake has been linked to AVN, as it can cause fatty infiltration of the bone marrow and increase intraosseous pressure, leading to compromised blood flow. Chronic alcohol abuse is one of the most significant non-traumatic risk factors for AVN. d. Systemic Diseases Certain systemic diseases are associated with an increased risk of AVN. These include: e. Inherited Conditions Genetic predispositions can also play a role in the development of AVN. For example, individuals with familial hyperlipidemia or those with certain genetic mutations may have an increased risk of developing AVN. f. Other Factors 4. Clinical Presentation The symptoms of AVN of the hip depend on the stage of the disease. In the early stages, patients may experience mild symptoms, while later stages are characterized by severe pain and loss of function. a. Early Stage In the early stages, AVN may be asymptomatic or present with vague symptoms such as mild hip pain or discomfort, which worsens with weight-bearing activities. The pain may be intermittent and is often described as aching or throbbing in nature. It may be localized to the groin, thigh, or buttock. b. Progressive Stage As the disease progresses and bone necrosis increases, patients may experience more persistent pain. The pain becomes more intense, particularly with activity, and may be accompanied by stiffness and limited range of motion. Patients may also experience difficulty walking and may begin to limp. c. Advanced Stage In the advanced stages of AVN, the femoral head may collapse, leading to severe pain and disability. The pain is often constant and can radiate down the thigh or into the knee. Joint movement becomes severely restricted, and patients may have difficulty performing daily activities such as standing, walking, or climbing stairs. 5. Diagnostic Methods Diagnosing AVN of the hip requires a thorough clinical examination, medical history review, and imaging studies. a. Clinical Examination The clinician will perform a physical examination to assess the patient’s range of motion, gait, and tenderness in the hip joint. They may also test for the impingement sign and perform provocative maneuvers to assess for hip joint instability. b. Imaging Studies 6. Treatment Options The treatment of AVN of the hip depends on the stage of the disease, the patient’s age, activity level, and overall health. The goal of treatment is to relieve pain, prevent further bone collapse, and preserve the joint as much as possible. a. Conservative Management b. Surgical Treatment In advanced cases of AVN, surgical intervention is often required. Several surgical options are available, depending on the stage of the disease and the patient’s specific circumstances. 7. Prognosis and Long-Term Management The prognosis of AVN depends on the stage at which the condition is diagnosed and the

Introduction : Gait: It is a medical term used for the way a person walks . In some people gait is abnormal may be due to some injury or due to under lying medical conditions. Abnormal gait is also called as AMBULATORY DYSFUNCTION. Any thing that affects brain, spinal cord, legs or feet leads to change in gait . Normal Gait : Normal gait is nothing but normal walking without any abnormalities . One complete gait cycle is completed when it begin with heel strike of a foot continues till heel strike of identical foot. Human gait : It can be defined as a series of alternating movements of the lower extremities in a rhythmic motion that results in forward progression of body with minimal energy expenditure . It means it takes 2 steps to complete a full gait cycle. Gait cycle has 2 phases : STANCE PHASE : The time duration of foot on ground , it occupies 60% of gait cycle . It starts when foot touches the ground and ends when the foot leaves the ground. SWING PHASE : The time duration of foot in air, it occupies 40% of gait cycle .I t start when foot leaves the ground and end when same foot touches the ground again. Important support phases : SINGLE SUPPORT PHASE [Swing Phase] : In this phase only one limb is in contact with ground . INITIAL DOUBLE SUPPORT PHASE : It is the sub phase between the heel contact to contralateral foot off. It shows 14 to 20% of stance phase . TERMINAL DOUBLE SUPPORT PHASE : Itis sub phase from contralateral foot on to toe off, It shows 14 to 20% of stance phase . TOTAL DOUBLE SUPPORT PHASE : It shows 28 to 40% of stance phase . As it is the sum of initial double support phase and terminal double support phase . NOTE : More problems will appear during stance phase of gait when foot is loaded which in turn shows impact on the swing phase . The Phases of Human Walking: A Step-by-Step Breakdown GAIT ABNORMALITIES : Most common type , resulted due to pain in lower extremities like pain in muscle , joints or in bones . Limping is seen this type of gait , means avoiding steeping or pressure on affected leg . keeping ankle fixed in the one position while lifting and lowering the foot. This may include following causes like : 2.PROPULSIVE GAIT : It is also called as PARKINSONS GAIT or FESTINATING GAIT . As it is seen in Parkinson’s disease , one can observe stooping means head and neck are bend forwards and downward and rigid posture is seen . Steps are short and fast to maintain center of gravity, hence called as festinating gait .Also seen in carbon monoxide poison . 3 .SCISSORS GAIT : In this type the knees and thighs hits or cross in a scissor like pattern during walk and slow and small steps are seen and this type of gait is diagnosed in spastic cerebral palsy. severe adduction of legs and hitting of the knees and thighs . 4. SPASTIC GAIT : It is also called as hemiplegic gait ,In this type of gait one leg is stiffened while walking . If lifted to walk it is either dragged or swings around in semicircular motion [ circumduction ] . This condition is seen in cerebral palsy , multiple sclerosis , Hemiplegia. 5. STEPPAGE GAIT : It is also called as neuropathic gait ,in this high step is seen means person elevates hip to lift leg higher than normal . Foot appears floppy when it drops and toes point down and scrape ground this type of gait is diagnosed in muscle atrophy or peroneal nerve injury [ like in spinal stenosis or herniated disc ] 6.WADDILING GAIT : In this exaggerate movement of upper body is observed like a duck , hence it is also called as duck walk . This type of gait is diagnosed in hip dislocation , progressive muscular dystrophy. It is also called as myopathic gait . Some times pregnancy women also adopt waddling gait as protective measure to prevent falling. 7. CROUNCHING GAIT : In this gait flexing of ankles, knees and hip is seen while walking . Characteristics like bending down while walking , toe dragging are seen this gait abnormality is diagnosed in cerebral palsy. 8. ATAXIC GAIT : In this irregular steps , person can’t walk in straight line when walk heel to toe [ unsteady walk ]. This abnormality is diagnosed in cerebellar degeneration .Vitamin deficiencies like low levels of vitamin E, B-1, or B-12 and in Sensory disturbances like vision or proprioception disorders 9. SHUFFLING GAIT : In this type of gait feet is not completely lifted off the ground and feet get dragged while walking . This type of gait is seen in medical conditions like Parkinson’s disease , Muscle strain and in nerve damage conditions etc. Symptoms like shot steps ,stooped posture , flexed knees are observed . 10. LURCHING GAIT : This type of gait abnormality is caused due to paralysis or weakness of gluteus muscles or other conditions that affect the hip or legs . In this gait type one may observe slow and long stride . Conclusion : In conclusion, understanding the various types of gait is essential for recognizing and addressing different physical conditions and movement patterns. Gait analysis plays a crucial role in diagnosing and treating mobility issues, whether they stem from neurological disorders, orthopedic injuries, or natural aging. By studying common gait types such as the antalgic, ataxic, and spastic gaits, medical professionals can develop targeted interventions and rehabilitation plans. Additionally, the influence of environmental factors and individual differences in biomechanics further emphasizes the need for personalized care. Overall, analyzing and categorizing gait types not only aids in better medical outcomes but also promotes the importance of early detection and proactive management in maintaining overall mobility and

Meditation is an ancient practice that offers numerous physical, mental, and spiritual benefits. One of the foundational aspects of effective meditation is adopting the correct posture. A proper posture ensures comfort, stability, and uninterrupted focus during prolonged meditation sessions. This guide provides a detailed exploration of meditation postures, preparatory practices, advanced techniques, and safety precautions for a fulfilling meditative journey. Importance of Proper Meditation Posture A well-aligned meditation posture is not merely about sitting still—it serves as the framework for mental and physical harmony. A proper posture helps: Swami Sivananda states, “Without mastering stability in a meditative posture, progress in meditation and pranayama remains limited. Steadiness in posture cultivates one-pointed concentration, leading to spiritual bliss.” Preparatory Practices for Meditation Before attempting meditation postures, it is essential to prepare the body. The following asanas from the Pawanmuktasana series loosen joints, improve flexibility, and alleviate stiffness: These poses should be practiced daily to enhance the flexibility and endurance required for meditation postures. Foundational Meditation Postures 1. Sukhasana (Easy Pose) 2. Padmasana (Lotus Pose) 3. Ardha Padmasana (Half Lotus Pose) 4. Vajrasana (Thunderbolt Pose) 5. Chair Meditation Advanced Meditation Postures Once a practitioner gains proficiency in foundational postures, advanced techniques can deepen their meditation practice. 1. Siddhasana (Accomplished Pose) 2. Baddha Padmasana (Bound Lotus Pose) Precautions for Meditation Postures To ensure safety and comfort during meditation, follow these precautions: Tips for Enhancing Comfort Conclusion Mastering meditation postures is an essential step toward a fulfilling meditative practice. By practicing preparatory poses, selecting the right posture, and adhering to safety precautions, practitioners can create the perfect conditions for focus, relaxation, and spiritual growth. Further Reading: With patience and dedication, meditation becomes not only a practice but a transformative journey toward inner peace and enlightenment. Other articles :