Top 20 Most comely Useful Instruments in Physiology lab with their classification- part 4

Table of Contents

• 1. Kymograph
  • a. Mechanical Kymograph:
  • b. Electronic Kymograph:
  • c. Phonokymograph:
• 2. Tonometer :
  • a. Applanation Tonometer:
  • b. Indentation Tonometer (Schiötz):
  • c. Rebound Tonometer:
  • d. Non-contact Tonometer (Air-Puff):
• 3. Capnometer :
  • a. Mainstream Capnometer:
  • b. Sidestream Capnometer:
• 4. Infrared Thermometer :
  • A. Ear (Tympanic) Infrared Thermometer:
  • B. Forehead (Temporal) Infrared Thermometer:
  • C. Industrial Infrared Thermometer:
• 5. Microtome :
  • A. Rotary Microtome:
  • B. Cryostat Microtome:
  • C. Sliding Microtome:
  • D. Ultramicrotome:
• 6. Electrolyte Analyzer :
  • A. ISE (Ion Selective Electrode) Electrolyte Analyzer:
  • B. Flame Photometry Electrolyte Analyzer:
  • C. Automated Multi-Analyte Systems:
• 7. Lactate Analyzer
  • A. Portable Handheld Lactate Analyzer:
  • B. Laboratory-based Lactate Analyzer:
  • C. Point-of-Care Lactate Analyzer:
• 8. Hydrometer
  • A. Alcohol Hydrometer:
  • B. Battery Hydrometer:
  • C. Lactometer:
  • D. Salinometer:
• 9. Spirograph
  • A. Volume-Displacement Spirometer:
  • B. Flow-Sensing Spirometer:
  • C. Digital Spirometer:
• 10. Osmometer
  • A. Vapor Pressure Osmometer:
  • B. Freezing Point Depression Osmometer:
  • C. Membrane Osmometer:
• 11. Accelerometer
  • A. Piezoelectric Accelerometer:
  • B. Capacitive Accelerometer:
  • C. MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) Accelerometer:
  • D. Servo Force-Balance Accelerometer:
• 12. Anthropometer
  • A. Mechanical Anthropometer:
  • B. Digital Anthropometer:
  • C. Segmental Anthropometer:
• 13. Colorimeter
  • A. Visual Colorimeter:
  • B. Digital Colorimeter:
  • C. Portable Handheld Colorimeter:
  • D. Spectrophotometric Colorimeter:
• 14. Tachometer
  • A. Mechanical Tachometer:
  • B. Digital Tachometer:
  • B. Contact Tachometer:
  • B. Non-Contact Tachometer:
• 15. Diffusion Cell Apparatus
  • A. Franz Diffusion Cell:
  • B. Side-by-Side Diffusion Cell:
  • C. Vertical Diffusion Cell:
• 16. Oxidation-Reduction Potential Meter (ORP Meter)
  • A. Portable ORP Meter:
  • B. Benchtop ORP Meter:
  • C. Online ORP Meter:
• 17. Viscometer
  • A. Capillary Viscometer:
  • B. Rotational Viscometer:
  • C. Falling Ball Viscometer:
  • D. Vibrating Viscometer:
• 18. Electrochemical Sensor
  • A. Potentiometric Sensors:
  • B. Amperometric Sensors:
  • C. Conductometric Sensors:
  • D. Voltammetric Sensors:
• 19. Flowmeter
  • A. Mechanical Flowmeter:
  • B. Ultrasonic Flowmeter:
  • C. Electromagnetic Flowmeter:
  • D. Coriolis Flowmeter:
• 20. Conductivity Meter
  • A. Portable Conductivity Meter:
  • B. Benchtop Conductivity Meter:
  • C. In-line Conductivity Meter:
  • D. Multiparameter Conductivity Meter:
• Other link

1. Kymograph

A kymograph is a scientific instrument used to record changes in pressure, motion, or other physiological processes over time. It was originally invented in the 19th century for medical research and has been used extensively in physiology and pharmacology. The device consists of a rotating drum covered with paper, onto which a pen records fluctuations in parameters like blood pressure or muscle contractions.

Classification:

a. Mechanical Kymograph:

These have a rotating drum operated by a spring or motor, recording changes mechanically.

b. Electronic Kymograph:

These versions use sensors and electronic outputs for more precise recordings and can store data digitally.

c. Phonokymograph:

2. Tonometer :

A tonometer is a medical device used to measure intraocular pressure (IOP), crucial for diagnosing conditions like glaucoma. By determining the pressure inside the eye, doctors can assess whether the optic nerve is at risk of damage.

Major Classification:

a. Applanation Tonometer:

Measures the force required to flatten a small part of the cornea.

b. Indentation Tonometer (Schiötz):

Measures the depth of indentation made on the cornea by a known weight.

c. Rebound Tonometer:

Measures IOP using the motion of a small probe that bounces off the cornea.

d. Non-contact Tonometer (Air-Puff):

Uses a puff of air to flatten the cornea, measuring the time it takes for this to occur.

3. Capnometer :

A capnometer is a device used to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in respiratory gases. It is particularly useful in monitoring patients during anesthesia, intensive care, and during mechanical ventilation.

Classification:

a. Mainstream Capnometer:

Directly measures CO2 from the patient’s airway by placing the sensor in the breathing circuit.

b. Sidestream Capnometer:

Extracts a sample of exhaled gases from the patient’s airway and analyzes it in a separate sensor.

4. Infrared Thermometer :

An infrared thermometer measures temperature from a distance by detecting the infrared radiation emitted by an object or body. It is commonly used in healthcare settings for non-contact measurement of body temperature, and in industrial applications to measure the temperature of machinery or processes.

Classification:

A. Ear (Tympanic) Infrared Thermometer:

Measures the temperature inside the ear canal.

B. Forehead (Temporal) Infrared Thermometer:

Measures the temperature of the forehead skin.

C. Industrial Infrared Thermometer:

Measures the temperature of equipment or surfaces in industrial settings

5. Microtome :

A microtome is an instrument used to cut extremely thin slices of material, typically biological tissues, for examination under a microscope. These slices are essential for preparing samples for histology or pathology studies.

Classification:

A. Rotary Microtome:

Uses a rotating mechanism to slice samples, typically in paraffin wax blocks.

B. Cryostat Microtome:

A specialized microtome that cuts frozen tissue sections.

C. Sliding Microtome:

The sample remains stationary while the cutting blade slides back and forth.

D. Ultramicrotome:

Used for cutting ultra-thin sections, primarily in electron microscopy.

6. Electrolyte Analyzer :

An electrolyte analyzer measures the concentrations of essential electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate in biological fluids, such as blood or urine. These measurements are crucial for monitoring metabolic conditions and electrolyte imbalances in clinical settings.

Classification:

A. ISE (Ion Selective Electrode) Electrolyte Analyzer:

Uses ion-selective electrodes to measure the concentration of specific ions.

B. Flame Photometry Electrolyte Analyzer:

Measures ion concentration based on the light emitted by ions in a flame.

C. Automated Multi-Analyte Systems:

Can simultaneously measure multiple electrolytes and other blood components using automated systems.

7. Lactate Analyzer

A lactate analyzer is a device used to measure the concentration of lactate in the blood. Lactate levels provide important information about tissue oxygenation and metabolic function, and they are crucial in various medical and sports performance settings. Elevated lactate levels are often seen in cases of strenuous exercise or in conditions like lactic acidosis.

Classification:

8. Hydrometer

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity or density of liquids in relation to water. It’s commonly used in brewing, winemaking, and other chemical processes to determine the concentration of solutions, such as sugar in water.

Classification:

9. Spirograph

A spirograph, or spirometer, is a device used to measure the volume of air inhaled and exhaled by the lungs. It’s widely used in pulmonary function tests to diagnose conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders.

Classification:

A. Volume-Displacement Spirometer:

Measures lung volume directly by recording the amount of air displaced in a chamber.

B. Flow-Sensing Spirometer:

Uses a sensor to measure airflow, then calculates lung volumes.

C. Digital Spirometer:

A modern, portable version that provides digital outputs and graphs, often equipped with software for data analysis.

10. Osmometer

An osmometer is used to measure the osmolarity or concentration of solutes in a solution. It is especially important in clinical laboratories for measuring the osmotic concentration of blood, urine, and other fluids to diagnose imbalances in electrolyte levels.

Classification:

11. Accelerometer

An accelerometer is a device that measures acceleration forces, which can be static (like gravity) or dynamic (caused by movement). It’s commonly used in smartphones, fitness trackers, cars, and industrial applications to detect motion, orientation, and vibration.

Classification:

12. Anthropometer

An anthropometer is an instrument used for measuring the human body or its parts. It’s commonly used in anthropology, ergonomics, and medicine to gather data on human proportions, which can be important for designing tools, clothing, or medical assessments.

Classification:

13. Colorimeter

A colorimeter is an instrument used to measure the absorbance or transmission of light in a solution to determine the concentration of a specific substance. It is widely used in chemistry, biology, and environmental science to analyze the concentration of colored compounds.

Classification:

14. Tachometer

A tachometer is an instrument used to measure the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, usually in revolutions per minute (RPM). It is commonly used in vehicles to monitor engine speed, as well as in industrial equipment to ensure machines are operating at optimal speeds.

Classification:

15. Diffusion Cell Apparatus

The diffusion cell apparatus is used in pharmaceutical and biomedical research to study the diffusion of drugs across membranes. It helps in understanding the release and absorption rates of drugs, crucial in transdermal and topical drug delivery systems.

Classification:

16. Oxidation-Reduction Potential Meter (ORP Meter)

An ORP meter is used to measure the ability of a solution to act as an oxidizing or reducing agent. It provides a reading in millivolts, indicating the electron transfer potential of a substance, which is essential in water treatment, environmental monitoring, and food processing.

Classification:

17. Viscometer

A viscometer measures the viscosity (resistance to flow) of fluids. It is important in industries like petroleum, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals to ensure the consistency and flow behavior of products.

Classification:

18. Electrochemical Sensor

An electrochemical sensor detects specific substances by measuring the electrical signals produced from a chemical reaction. These sensors are widely used in medical diagnostics (like glucose meters), environmental monitoring, and industrial applications.

Classification:

19. Flowmeter

A flowmeter is used to measure the flow rate of liquids or gases in a pipe or open channel. It is crucial in industries such as water management, oil and gas, and chemical processing to ensure proper system operation and resource management.

Classification:

20. Conductivity Meter

A conductivity meter measures the electrical conductivity of a solution, which reflects the solution’s ability to conduct electricity. It’s widely used in water quality testing, environmental monitoring, and industrial applications to determine the concentration of ions in a solution.

Classification: